Mesotelioma pleural is the most prevalent and clinically significant subtype of malignant mesothelioma, a rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the pleura—the thin, protective lining surrounding the lungs and chest cavity. Caused almost exclusively by inhalation of fibras de amianto, pleural mesothelioma accounts for approximately 75–80% of all mesothelioma cases globally. It is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of mesothelial cells, which form malignant tumors in the pleural lining, leading to progressive chest pain, pleural effusion (fluid buildup), shortness of breath, and weight loss.
This disease typically follows a latency period of 20 to 50 years after initial asbestos exposure, making early detection challenging. Diagnosis involves advanced imaging (CT, PET), thoracoscopy, and biopsy with histological confirmation. Treatment strategies are multimodal, often involving surgery (pleurectomy/decortication or extrapleural pneumonectomy), chemotherapy (cisplatin and pemetrexed), radiotherapy, and emerging immunotherapies o clinical trials.
Prognosis is generally poor, with median survival ranging from 9 to 18 months, heavily influenced by the tumor stage, histological subtype (epithelioid, sarcomatoid, biphasic), and patient health. Pleural mesothelioma remains a critical public health concern and is recognized as an occupational disease in most jurisdictions.